Author: Professor Dr. victory AYVAZ
Issue 37 Issue (Jan - Mar 2013)
Subject : Soil
a delicate balance for the irrigation of agricultural land is available. Always more water , the more products it means to come , emerging problems in the GAP irrigation project was seen once more. Arid regions in the soil , the need to give more water , more than enough to use the irrigation water , not to increase efficiency , which leads to problems.
Salt, the continuity of life - from you is very interesting and a compound in a sensitive position . The water-soluble salt , ionic feature win and the operation of the sodium-potassium pump is an important system for the vitality of the cells and acts on the body's ion balance -made preserved . Salt , herbs and salt balance in terms of maintaining the animals is very important. This balance deteriorate , especially arable land , when exposed to excessive salt , the soil becomes barren and unproductive .
Temperature is high in areas where there is little rainfall, soil data-mini increasing uncontrolled over-watering the plant to the purpose-tion, the increase of salinity in the soil and leads to excessive salinity. This event stretch-ment is as follows: underground water moving toward the Earth, when it encounters a layer of soil with low permeability during the trip, it begins to accumulate on this layer. It continues to be watered, if such a soil, the ground level of the accumulated water increases. When the evaporation and moisture depending on the use of plants in the topsoil reduced ground water, passing through the capillary channels in the soil structure, moves the topsheet. This is called capillary action. Meanwhile, the salts in the groundwater and soil, the soil is moved to the top. Of salt in geological structures, moving upward with the movement of the water is not the main factor in soil salinization. Critical factors for excessive salinity, the amount of salt in the irrigation water. up to 1000 ppm of salt water for use as irrigation water quantity, that must be a thousand percent. It is not suitable for more than one value irrigation. Even the Euphrates River with good quality irrigation water feature, every year carries around a ton of soluble salts in about a hectare. that carried salt with water in irrigated land directly to lead to excessive salt-taste it. The main set-salinization of spectators factors, the high groundwater table, hydrogeological characteristics of the land, of course, be more water in the soil is to use more fertilizer and stretch to the wrong-fied.
a delicate balance for the irrigation of agricultural land is available. Always more water, the more products it means to come, emerging problems in the GAP irrigation project complainant seen-once more. Arid regions in the soil, the need to give more water, more than enough to use the irrigation water, not to increase efficiency, which leads to problems. Therefore, "I get very watered very product" idea as a healthy approach, moreover, have led to much more serious consequences. and maximum current balance of economic principles in the universe at any scale is clearly visible-MEK is also available to irrigate the land.
Worldwide, about 10 million hectares per year , in other words, about 2.5 times the area of Konya, a result of excessive salinity - m surface area of the province is transformed to unproductive land. Due to improper irrigation techniques and extreme drought last season , the US , India, Australia and countries such as Turkey, the land , the salinization incident is more common . fertile farmland in these countries are faced with the threat of desertification . These losses are reflected in the national budget as well as billions of dollars in damage .
Excessive salinity of the soil and eventually turn into the desert, another reason is the conversion of existing forest areas into agricultural land were destroyed. The environment over the years by cutting the trees obviously unbalanced, that depending on the unbalanced and excessive irrigation, was followed by excessive salinity problems. As a result, the ecological balance of the region initially forests were destroyed for agricultural land has become degraded and barren and useless. As of this point, only an annual loss of agricultural products of the Australian government, is $ 130 million, this loss continues to increase every year.
Depending on the excessive salinity of the soil, there are historical records of the productive land on a large scale to turn the slab desert. Known as Mesopotamia, Iraq, Syria and southeastern Anatolia region between the eastern triangle, considerable time has been the cradle of civilization with very fertile soil. Today, unfortunately, this fertile soil significantly deserted and barren. So, how it was also a time of very fertile soil today has become big in the desert? Research conducted under the desertification of these areas, revealed that the soil or excess salt. Our country is faced with this threat in the territory, especially in the GAP region. The soil irrigated with the start of the Harran plain over-salting has been raised. Our beautiful and fertile soil too late taking the necessary measures should prevent the desertification-menu.
What's the solution?
From past to today, the most important measures taken in response to this problem, the land will be irrigated arid and semi-arid climate in the region with the establishment of drainage systems. This system can be either in the form of the laying of underground drainage pipe can be in the form of open drainage channels. salt in the soil with more irrigation water is removed through these systems. As a separate measure to raise the plants do not want excess water making product changes over the years, it is another way to go to avoid salinity. to irrigate the crop and oil-drip sprinkler systems used-mai reap significant application to reduce the occurrence of salinity-Is. To reduce evaporation that trigger particular salinity in the warm evenings of making the irrigation process is of paramount importance. Because the evening temperature drop will be less than the vapor-sation by day. extreme level to be in the summer evaporation, agricultural land should be left empty, dense planting of products such manner forage crops to be covered with a cloth to be made. Another important consideration in reducing extreme salinity, though, is to educate the people who are employed in the agricultural sector. Which plants are watered how, how much you need water, the salinity of the water should be given the answers to questions such as what the most and avoid unnecessary watering. These measures would not only reduce excessive salinity will ensure maximum benefit from both plants produced.
Another measure to reduce excessive salinity in soil is salt-tolerant plants grow in these regions. Avoid the plant's continued life is not essentially a biological incompatibility between salinity. There are also plants that grow in seawater. The important thing is to choose the right product. Cereals (wheat, corn, barley) are not tolerant to salt concentration. Instead, sugar beet, cotton, grapes, sunflower, alfalfa prefer such products will lead to reduction of salt in the soil. The resulting elimination of salinity and land reclamation for the salt content of the soil should be washed with low water. What is important here is that the existence of a good drainage system and cleaning process done within certain limits.
All we can put these measures into practice, due to excessive salt in our world, the desertification of arable land and we get the opportunity to block the white death. Ecosystem holistic look of the water is a boon per each head, the salt in but we know it works when used in balance, as more of the world we take as relics of the next generation of green, we will deliver them more efficiently and more habitable state, as well as agricultural products shortage we have traction.
Resources:
Jim Murphy, Salinity or silent disaster.
Kwiatowsky June 1998. Salinity Classification, Mapping and Management in Alberta.
Jim Diamond, Collapse: Salt of the Earth
Terry R 1997. Soil Salinity.
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